Download here: http://gg.gg/x0rpl
BASIC (Beginner’s All-purpose Symbolic Instruction Code) is a family of general-purpose, high-level programming languages whose design philosophy emphasizes ease of use. In 1964, John G. Kemeny and Thomas E. Kurtz designed the original BASIC language at Dartmouth College. They wanted to enable students in fields other than science and mathematics to use computers. At the time, nearly all use of computers required writing custom software, which was something only scientists and mathematicians tended to learn.
*Beginner 27s All-purpose Symbolic Instruction Code Tutorial Youtube
*Beginner’s All-purpose Symbolic Instruction Code
*Beginner 27s All-purpose Symbolic Instruction Code Tutorial For Beginners
*Beginner 27s All-purpose Symbolic Instruction Code Tutorial Free
If you learn how to code, you will be able to do all of this and more in a fun, engaging way! Coding will give you valuable skills. Learning how to code for beginners will provide you with enough skills and experience to pursue a career as a coder or programmer. Learning how to code will provide job security. Introduction to BASIC(Beginner’s All Purpose Symbolic Instruction Code) is a family of general-purpose, high-level programming languages whose design philoso. BASIC: Beginner’s All-Purpose Symbolic Instruction Code. BASIC is one of the simplest and earliest high-level programming language supports in all operating systems. Kemeny and Thomas E. Kurtz designed original BASIC language DartmouthBasic in 1964, with the purpose that all students should be able to use the computers in every field. Basic ba´sik 1. Pertaining to or having properties of a base. Capable of neutralizing acids. Miller-Keane Encyclopedia and Dictionary of Medicine, Nursing, and Allied.
The advent of the personal computer was crucial to the success of BASIC. The language was designed for hobbyists, and as personal computers became more accessible to this audience, books of BASIC programs and BASIC games surged in popularity.
BASIC is generally not regarded as the easiest way to take the first steps in learning the art of programming. But it does not hinder beginners from learning how to program, or teach them bad habits. And it’s the highest low-level language. Even today, there remains value in learning BASIC.
Here’s our recommended tutorials to learn BASIC. If you’re looking for free BASIC programming books, check here.1. FB n00b tutorials
FreeBasic is a 32-bit compiler for Windows, DOS, or Linux that is pretty much C-compatible and has many libraries ported to it. These 9 tutorials offer a useful way to learn this dialect of BASIC. It’s targeted at absolute beginners.2. Let’s Build a Roguelike by Richard D. Clark
Let’s Build a Roguelike is a step-by-step tutorial in ebook format on creating a roguelike game from conception to finished product. The tutorial covers all the aspects of the game, from creating the title page, dungeon building, inventory items, monster ai, combat, file saving and creating a morgue file.3. Programmer’s Guide for FreeBASIC
A series of tutorials to help you master FreeBASIC.4. Introduction to True BASIC by Harvey Gould
This tutorial is based on the text, Introduction to Computer Simulation Methods, by Harvey Gould and Jan Tobochnik. The features of True BASIC which are common to other procedural languages are emphasized.5. FreeBASIC Community Tutorials by Various
Here’s a wide variety of tutorials submitted by the FreeBASIC community.6. Programming in BASIC: the absolute beginner tutorial by Yuri Yakimenko
20 lessons to teach your 12-year old how to start programming – and give them a start with some important programming techniques, even if they do not have anyone around to provide tutoring.
All tutorials in this series:Free Programming TutorialsJavaGeneral-purpose, concurrent, class-based, object-oriented, high-level languageCGeneral-purpose, procedural, portable, high-level languagePythonGeneral-purpose, structured, powerful languageC++General-purpose, portable, free-form, multi-paradigm languageC#Combines the power and flexibility of C++ with the simplicity of Visual BasicJavaScriptInterpreted, prototype-based, scripting language PHPPHP has been at the helm of the web for many yearsRubyGeneral purpose, scripting, structured, flexible, fully object-oriented languageAssemblyAs close to writing machine code without writing in pure hexadecimalSwiftPowerful and intuitive general-purpose programming languageGroovyPowerful, optionally typed and dynamic languageGoCompiled, statically typed programming languagePascalImperative and procedural language designed in the late 1960sPerlHigh-level, general-purpose, interpreted, scripting, dynamic languageRDe facto standard among statisticians and data analystsCOBOLCommon Business-Oriented LanguageScalaModern, object-functional, multi-paradigm, Java-based languageFortranThe first high-level language, using the first compilerScratchVisual programming language designed for 8-16 year-old childrenLuaDesigned as an embeddable scripting languageLogoDialect of Lisp that features interactivity, modularity, extensibilityRustIdeal for systems, embedded, and other performance critical codeLispUnique features - excellent to study programming constructsAdaALGOL-like programming language, extended from Pascal and othersHaskellStandardized, general-purpose, polymorphically, statically typed languageSchemeGeneral-purpose, functional, language descended from Lisp and AlgolPrologGeneral purpose, declarative, logic programming languageForthImperative stack-based programming languageClojureDialect of the Lisp programming languageJuliaHigh-level, high-performance language for technical computingSQLAccess and manipulate data held in a relational database management systemErlangGeneral-purpose, concurrent, declarative, functional languageVimLPowerful scripting language of the Vim editorOCamlGeneral-purpose, powerful, high-level languageAwkVersatile language designed for pattern scanning and processingRacketPlatform for programming language design and implementationBASICFamily of general-purpose, high-level programming languagesCoffeeScriptA very succinct programming language that transcompiles into JavaScriptLaTeXProfessional document preparation system and document markup languageElixirRelatively new functional language that runs on the Erlang virtual machineDartClient-optimized programming language for fast appsABAPAdvanced Business Application ProgrammingF#General purpose, strongly typed, multi-paradigm language. Part of MLChapelParallel-programming language in development at Cray Inc.DylanMulti-paradigm language, supports functional & object-oriented programmingDGeneral-purpose systems programming language with a C-like syntaxSolidityObject-oriented, high-level language for implementing smart contractsXMLSet of rules for defining semantic tags that describe the structure and meaningValaObject-oriented language with a self-hosting compiler that generates C codeECMAScriptBest known as the language embedded in web browsersKotlinStatically typed, general-purpose programming language with type inferenceTypeScriptStrict syntactical superset of JavaScript, adding optional static typingMarkdownPlain text formatting syntax designed to be easy-to-read and easy-to-writePikeInterpreted, general-purpose, high-level, cross-platform, dynamic languageHTMLHyperText Markup LanguageFactorDynamic stack-based languageObjective-CGeneral purpose language which is a superset of CStandard MLOne of the two main dialects of the ML languageAliceEducational language with an integrated development environment AgdaDependently typed functional language based on intuitionistic type theoryIconHigh-level, general-purpose languagePureScriptSmall strongly, statically typed language with expressive typesTclDynamic language based on concepts of Lisp, C, and Unix shellsEiffelObject-oriented languageClojureScriptCompiler for Clojure that targets JavaScriptQMLHierarchical declarative language for user interface layout with a syntax to JSONVHDLVery High Speed Integrated Circuit Hardware Description LanguageOpenCLOpen Computing LanguageElmFunctional language that compiles to JavaScriptHamlHTML Abstraction Markup LanguageJArray programming language based primarily on APLLabVIEWDesigned to enable domain experts to build power systems quickly HackFor the HipHop Virtual Machine (HHVM), created as a dialect of PHPImbaFull-stack language that compiles to performant JavaScriptVStatically typed compiled language to build maintainable softwarePostScriptPage description language in electronic and desktop publishing
Lesson One - An Introduction to Run BASICCopyright 2007 Shoptalk Systems All Rights Reserved
What is Run BASIC?Programming: What is it?An Introduction to BASICGOTO - Doing something more than onceIF...THEN - Adding smarts to our programsString variablesSome things to do with stringsFunctionsDocumenting BASIC codeLet’s write a program - HILO.BASComplete listing for HILO.BAS
What is Run BASIC?
Run BASIC is a special version of the BASIC programming language. It has many of the qualities that made BASIC popular and successful as the first widely used language for computers:
*Designed for beginners
*Simple English like commands
*High level features allow a lot to be done with just a little code
*Does not require an understanding of computer hardware
*Hides the complexity of the computer’s operating system
In addition Run BASIC is specially designed to be a version of BASIC for the web. Your programs can run in a web browser without your writing any special web code at all. If you want to use some web features you can add those optionally.
Programming: What is it?
There’s nothing mystical about programming computers. Although the newest software on the market today begins to look like magic, all software is built from the ground up out of combinations of the simplest software parts. Once you learn what these software parts are and how they’re used, hard work and imagination can take you almost anywhere. Programming is (simply put) the laying out of simple steps to solve a problem, and in a way that a computer can understand. This is a little bit like teaching a person. These steps must be arranged in the correct order. For example: How to drive a car with automatic transmission: Get into drivers seat ; Fasten safety belt ; Insert ignition key and turn it to start engine ; Press brake with foot ; Move transmission selection to D ; Look around to see if you’re safe ; Remove foot from brake ; Press accelerator pedal with foot ; Manuever into traffic ; Don’t crash Obviously if the above steps are scrambled up (and maybe even if they aren’t) you’re in for a pretty big insurance claim. Not only that, but if the instructions are given to someone who speaks only, say, Chinese, we will have a similarly spectacular crash! In the same way, computers are particular about both the order and content of the instructions we give them. A program in its simplest form usually contains three kinds of activity: INPUT The program asks the user for some kind of information ; CALCULATION The program transforms or manipulates the information ; OUTPUT The program displays the final result of CALCULATION It is the programmer’s job to determine exactly how to accomplish these steps.
An Introduction to BASIC
BASIC (Beginners All purpose Symbolic Instruction Code) was created in the 1960’s as an easy to learn programming language for computers. Because of BASIC’s simple form and because it was an interpreted language and gave the programmer instant feedback, it became the most popular programming language when microcomputers made their debut, and it has a large following even today. This tutorial introduces the first principles of Run BASIC, but doesn’t provide a thorough description of all language features. For more on the full language and command set, refer to the documentation included with your copy of Run BASIC.Salestax.bas, a simple BASIC program. Now let’s create a very simple program to introduce you to the simplest of BASIC’s features. We want a BASIC program that: 1 - Asks for a dollar and cent amount for goods ; 2 - Calculates a 5% sales tax amount for the dollar and cent figure ; 3 - Displays the tax amount the total amount INPUT - First we need an instruction for the computer that gets information from the user. In BASIC there are several ways to do this but we will choose the input command for our program. In this case input would be used like so:input ’Type a dollar and cent amount ?’; amount ^------this is a variable This line of BASIC code will display the words, ’Type a dollar and cent amount ?’, and the computer will stop and wait for the user to type something in. When the [Enter] key is pressed, the typed information will then be stored in the variable* amount. *variable - In programming, you must assign each bit of data (or information) a unique name. This combination of a name and its data is called a variable because the data part can vary each time the program is used. When you edit a program, you choose a name for each variable. You pick the name for each variable to best fit the kind of data it represents. BASIC doesn’t care what names you assign to your variables, except you can’t use the names of BASIC commands or functions (called reserved words). Choose names that make it easy for anyone to understand what the BASIC program code means and does. When running a program, BASIC uses the data part of the variable in its calculations. BASIC uses the name of the variable to fetch its data part or to store new data in that variable. Variable data can change many times during the execution of a BASIC program. CALCULATION - Now we need to calculate the tax for the data in our amount variable:let tax = amount * 0.05 This line of code creates a new variable called ’tax’ to hold our computed tax data. The BASIC command, ’let’, tells BASIC to calculate the arithmetic on the right side of the = and set the data of the variable ’tax’ equal the results of the equation. The ’let’ word is optional (and most programmers leave it out) but I use it here as an example of BASIC syntax. It could have been coded as follows:tax = amount * 0.05 Now you may be wondering what is that funny little ’*’ (called asterisk). Since there are no formal arithmatic symbols on a typewriter keyboard, most programming languages use * to denote multiplication, / for division, and the addition and subtraction symbols get lucky and are + and - (what else?). OUTPUT - Now that we have calculated our tax amount, we will display it with:print ’Tax is: ’; tax; ’. Total is: ’; tax + amount The print command displays the information to the screen. The line of code above shows how print is used to display several items of data, each separated by a ’;’ (semicolon). The items are:’Tax is: ’This displays on screen as is, but without the quotation markstax This displays the value of the variable tax’. Total is: ’This also displays on screen as is, but without quotation markstax + amountThis displays the sum of the two variables, tax and amount
These will all be displayed on the same line. The semicolons are not displayed. Each print command is followed by a carriage return. The result might look like this:Tax is: 0.05. Total is: 1.05 Now let’s run the program. Type or cut/paste the following program into the Run BASIC editor so that it looks as shown. input ’Type a dollar and cent amount?’; amount let tax = amount * 0.05 print ’Tax is: ’; tax; ’. Total is: ’; tax+amount Now run the program by clicking on the Run button. Here is a sample run:Type a dollar and cent amount??1.20 Tax is: 0.06. Total is: 1.26 Now let’s save our program. Click on the Save Project button. Now type the name salestax and click on Save.Beginner 27s All-purpose Symbolic Instruction Code Tutorial Youtube
GOTO - Doing something more than once
Assuming that our tax program does what we want (see previous section), it still only does it once. Each time you want to use this handy little program you have to run it again. This can get to be tedious and even error prone (say rubber baby buggy bumpers ten times fast). What we need is a way for our program to go to the beginning and do it over. In BASIC (and in some other languages) the command for doing this is called GOTO (surprise!). Knowing that we have to goto some place is not enough. We also need to know where to go. When you hop into your car in a foreign country looking for a food market, you at least know what you are looking for. Run BASIC can’t ask for directions, so you need to be very precise. The mechanism that Run BASIC uses to mark places that we can goto is called a branch label. This is a lot like a mailing address. When you send a letter or package, you mark it with a known mailing address (hopefully). There is a house or building somewhere marked with that address, and that is where your parcel goes to. So in the same way, you mark the place in your BASIC program where you want it to continue running with a branch label (a mailing address of sorts). There are two ways to define a branch label in Run BASIC. You can use any valid integer number as a branch label, or you can use an easier to remember type which uses letters. Examples of integer branch labels: 10 150 75 900 5400 etc... Examples of alphanumeric (using letters and numbers) branch labels: [start] [loopBack] [getResponse] [point1] etc... Examples of unacceptable branch labels: [loop back] no spaces allowed start must use brackets (point1) only use square brackets Since no spaces are allowed in the alphanumeric branch labels, it works well to capitalize the first letter in each word when multiple words are used in a branch label. For example [gettimedresponse] is valid, but [getTimedResponse] is much more readable. So let’s pick a branch label for our salestax.bas program. Since we are going to do it over again from the start, we could pick from several reasonable branch label names like perhaps [start], [begin], or [go]. We will use [start] for our program. Let’s add the branch label as shown:[start] input ’Type a dollar and cent amount ’; amount let tax = amount * 0.05 print ’Tax is: ’; tax; ’. Total is: ’; tax + amount Now we need our goto line. Now that we have our branch label, the correct format for goto is goto [start]. And here’s what our program looks like when both a branch label and a goto:[start] input ’Type a dollar and cent amount ’; amount let tax = amount * 0.05 print ’Tax is: ’; tax; ’. Total is: ’; tax + amount goto [start] Now let’s try running this program. It runs over and over and over, right? This programming format is called an unconditional loop because it always loops back to repeat the same code no matter what.
IF...THEN - Adding smarts to our programs
The program we designed above will only do one thing for us, no frills. Let’s learn how to add some smarts to our program. One way that this can be done is with the if . . . then statement. The if . . . then statemen
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BASIC (Beginner’s All-purpose Symbolic Instruction Code) is a family of general-purpose, high-level programming languages whose design philosophy emphasizes ease of use. In 1964, John G. Kemeny and Thomas E. Kurtz designed the original BASIC language at Dartmouth College. They wanted to enable students in fields other than science and mathematics to use computers. At the time, nearly all use of computers required writing custom software, which was something only scientists and mathematicians tended to learn.
*Beginner 27s All-purpose Symbolic Instruction Code Tutorial Youtube
*Beginner’s All-purpose Symbolic Instruction Code
*Beginner 27s All-purpose Symbolic Instruction Code Tutorial For Beginners
*Beginner 27s All-purpose Symbolic Instruction Code Tutorial Free
If you learn how to code, you will be able to do all of this and more in a fun, engaging way! Coding will give you valuable skills. Learning how to code for beginners will provide you with enough skills and experience to pursue a career as a coder or programmer. Learning how to code will provide job security. Introduction to BASIC(Beginner’s All Purpose Symbolic Instruction Code) is a family of general-purpose, high-level programming languages whose design philoso. BASIC: Beginner’s All-Purpose Symbolic Instruction Code. BASIC is one of the simplest and earliest high-level programming language supports in all operating systems. Kemeny and Thomas E. Kurtz designed original BASIC language DartmouthBasic in 1964, with the purpose that all students should be able to use the computers in every field. Basic ba´sik 1. Pertaining to or having properties of a base. Capable of neutralizing acids. Miller-Keane Encyclopedia and Dictionary of Medicine, Nursing, and Allied.
The advent of the personal computer was crucial to the success of BASIC. The language was designed for hobbyists, and as personal computers became more accessible to this audience, books of BASIC programs and BASIC games surged in popularity.
BASIC is generally not regarded as the easiest way to take the first steps in learning the art of programming. But it does not hinder beginners from learning how to program, or teach them bad habits. And it’s the highest low-level language. Even today, there remains value in learning BASIC.
Here’s our recommended tutorials to learn BASIC. If you’re looking for free BASIC programming books, check here.1. FB n00b tutorials
FreeBasic is a 32-bit compiler for Windows, DOS, or Linux that is pretty much C-compatible and has many libraries ported to it. These 9 tutorials offer a useful way to learn this dialect of BASIC. It’s targeted at absolute beginners.2. Let’s Build a Roguelike by Richard D. Clark
Let’s Build a Roguelike is a step-by-step tutorial in ebook format on creating a roguelike game from conception to finished product. The tutorial covers all the aspects of the game, from creating the title page, dungeon building, inventory items, monster ai, combat, file saving and creating a morgue file.3. Programmer’s Guide for FreeBASIC
A series of tutorials to help you master FreeBASIC.4. Introduction to True BASIC by Harvey Gould
This tutorial is based on the text, Introduction to Computer Simulation Methods, by Harvey Gould and Jan Tobochnik. The features of True BASIC which are common to other procedural languages are emphasized.5. FreeBASIC Community Tutorials by Various
Here’s a wide variety of tutorials submitted by the FreeBASIC community.6. Programming in BASIC: the absolute beginner tutorial by Yuri Yakimenko
20 lessons to teach your 12-year old how to start programming – and give them a start with some important programming techniques, even if they do not have anyone around to provide tutoring.
All tutorials in this series:Free Programming TutorialsJavaGeneral-purpose, concurrent, class-based, object-oriented, high-level languageCGeneral-purpose, procedural, portable, high-level languagePythonGeneral-purpose, structured, powerful languageC++General-purpose, portable, free-form, multi-paradigm languageC#Combines the power and flexibility of C++ with the simplicity of Visual BasicJavaScriptInterpreted, prototype-based, scripting language PHPPHP has been at the helm of the web for many yearsRubyGeneral purpose, scripting, structured, flexible, fully object-oriented languageAssemblyAs close to writing machine code without writing in pure hexadecimalSwiftPowerful and intuitive general-purpose programming languageGroovyPowerful, optionally typed and dynamic languageGoCompiled, statically typed programming languagePascalImperative and procedural language designed in the late 1960sPerlHigh-level, general-purpose, interpreted, scripting, dynamic languageRDe facto standard among statisticians and data analystsCOBOLCommon Business-Oriented LanguageScalaModern, object-functional, multi-paradigm, Java-based languageFortranThe first high-level language, using the first compilerScratchVisual programming language designed for 8-16 year-old childrenLuaDesigned as an embeddable scripting languageLogoDialect of Lisp that features interactivity, modularity, extensibilityRustIdeal for systems, embedded, and other performance critical codeLispUnique features - excellent to study programming constructsAdaALGOL-like programming language, extended from Pascal and othersHaskellStandardized, general-purpose, polymorphically, statically typed languageSchemeGeneral-purpose, functional, language descended from Lisp and AlgolPrologGeneral purpose, declarative, logic programming languageForthImperative stack-based programming languageClojureDialect of the Lisp programming languageJuliaHigh-level, high-performance language for technical computingSQLAccess and manipulate data held in a relational database management systemErlangGeneral-purpose, concurrent, declarative, functional languageVimLPowerful scripting language of the Vim editorOCamlGeneral-purpose, powerful, high-level languageAwkVersatile language designed for pattern scanning and processingRacketPlatform for programming language design and implementationBASICFamily of general-purpose, high-level programming languagesCoffeeScriptA very succinct programming language that transcompiles into JavaScriptLaTeXProfessional document preparation system and document markup languageElixirRelatively new functional language that runs on the Erlang virtual machineDartClient-optimized programming language for fast appsABAPAdvanced Business Application ProgrammingF#General purpose, strongly typed, multi-paradigm language. Part of MLChapelParallel-programming language in development at Cray Inc.DylanMulti-paradigm language, supports functional & object-oriented programmingDGeneral-purpose systems programming language with a C-like syntaxSolidityObject-oriented, high-level language for implementing smart contractsXMLSet of rules for defining semantic tags that describe the structure and meaningValaObject-oriented language with a self-hosting compiler that generates C codeECMAScriptBest known as the language embedded in web browsersKotlinStatically typed, general-purpose programming language with type inferenceTypeScriptStrict syntactical superset of JavaScript, adding optional static typingMarkdownPlain text formatting syntax designed to be easy-to-read and easy-to-writePikeInterpreted, general-purpose, high-level, cross-platform, dynamic languageHTMLHyperText Markup LanguageFactorDynamic stack-based languageObjective-CGeneral purpose language which is a superset of CStandard MLOne of the two main dialects of the ML languageAliceEducational language with an integrated development environment AgdaDependently typed functional language based on intuitionistic type theoryIconHigh-level, general-purpose languagePureScriptSmall strongly, statically typed language with expressive typesTclDynamic language based on concepts of Lisp, C, and Unix shellsEiffelObject-oriented languageClojureScriptCompiler for Clojure that targets JavaScriptQMLHierarchical declarative language for user interface layout with a syntax to JSONVHDLVery High Speed Integrated Circuit Hardware Description LanguageOpenCLOpen Computing LanguageElmFunctional language that compiles to JavaScriptHamlHTML Abstraction Markup LanguageJArray programming language based primarily on APLLabVIEWDesigned to enable domain experts to build power systems quickly HackFor the HipHop Virtual Machine (HHVM), created as a dialect of PHPImbaFull-stack language that compiles to performant JavaScriptVStatically typed compiled language to build maintainable softwarePostScriptPage description language in electronic and desktop publishing
Lesson One - An Introduction to Run BASICCopyright 2007 Shoptalk Systems All Rights Reserved
What is Run BASIC?Programming: What is it?An Introduction to BASICGOTO - Doing something more than onceIF...THEN - Adding smarts to our programsString variablesSome things to do with stringsFunctionsDocumenting BASIC codeLet’s write a program - HILO.BASComplete listing for HILO.BAS
What is Run BASIC?
Run BASIC is a special version of the BASIC programming language. It has many of the qualities that made BASIC popular and successful as the first widely used language for computers:
*Designed for beginners
*Simple English like commands
*High level features allow a lot to be done with just a little code
*Does not require an understanding of computer hardware
*Hides the complexity of the computer’s operating system
In addition Run BASIC is specially designed to be a version of BASIC for the web. Your programs can run in a web browser without your writing any special web code at all. If you want to use some web features you can add those optionally.
Programming: What is it?
There’s nothing mystical about programming computers. Although the newest software on the market today begins to look like magic, all software is built from the ground up out of combinations of the simplest software parts. Once you learn what these software parts are and how they’re used, hard work and imagination can take you almost anywhere. Programming is (simply put) the laying out of simple steps to solve a problem, and in a way that a computer can understand. This is a little bit like teaching a person. These steps must be arranged in the correct order. For example: How to drive a car with automatic transmission: Get into drivers seat ; Fasten safety belt ; Insert ignition key and turn it to start engine ; Press brake with foot ; Move transmission selection to D ; Look around to see if you’re safe ; Remove foot from brake ; Press accelerator pedal with foot ; Manuever into traffic ; Don’t crash Obviously if the above steps are scrambled up (and maybe even if they aren’t) you’re in for a pretty big insurance claim. Not only that, but if the instructions are given to someone who speaks only, say, Chinese, we will have a similarly spectacular crash! In the same way, computers are particular about both the order and content of the instructions we give them. A program in its simplest form usually contains three kinds of activity: INPUT The program asks the user for some kind of information ; CALCULATION The program transforms or manipulates the information ; OUTPUT The program displays the final result of CALCULATION It is the programmer’s job to determine exactly how to accomplish these steps.
An Introduction to BASIC
BASIC (Beginners All purpose Symbolic Instruction Code) was created in the 1960’s as an easy to learn programming language for computers. Because of BASIC’s simple form and because it was an interpreted language and gave the programmer instant feedback, it became the most popular programming language when microcomputers made their debut, and it has a large following even today. This tutorial introduces the first principles of Run BASIC, but doesn’t provide a thorough description of all language features. For more on the full language and command set, refer to the documentation included with your copy of Run BASIC.Salestax.bas, a simple BASIC program. Now let’s create a very simple program to introduce you to the simplest of BASIC’s features. We want a BASIC program that: 1 - Asks for a dollar and cent amount for goods ; 2 - Calculates a 5% sales tax amount for the dollar and cent figure ; 3 - Displays the tax amount the total amount INPUT - First we need an instruction for the computer that gets information from the user. In BASIC there are several ways to do this but we will choose the input command for our program. In this case input would be used like so:input ’Type a dollar and cent amount ?’; amount ^------this is a variable This line of BASIC code will display the words, ’Type a dollar and cent amount ?’, and the computer will stop and wait for the user to type something in. When the [Enter] key is pressed, the typed information will then be stored in the variable* amount. *variable - In programming, you must assign each bit of data (or information) a unique name. This combination of a name and its data is called a variable because the data part can vary each time the program is used. When you edit a program, you choose a name for each variable. You pick the name for each variable to best fit the kind of data it represents. BASIC doesn’t care what names you assign to your variables, except you can’t use the names of BASIC commands or functions (called reserved words). Choose names that make it easy for anyone to understand what the BASIC program code means and does. When running a program, BASIC uses the data part of the variable in its calculations. BASIC uses the name of the variable to fetch its data part or to store new data in that variable. Variable data can change many times during the execution of a BASIC program. CALCULATION - Now we need to calculate the tax for the data in our amount variable:let tax = amount * 0.05 This line of code creates a new variable called ’tax’ to hold our computed tax data. The BASIC command, ’let’, tells BASIC to calculate the arithmetic on the right side of the = and set the data of the variable ’tax’ equal the results of the equation. The ’let’ word is optional (and most programmers leave it out) but I use it here as an example of BASIC syntax. It could have been coded as follows:tax = amount * 0.05 Now you may be wondering what is that funny little ’*’ (called asterisk). Since there are no formal arithmatic symbols on a typewriter keyboard, most programming languages use * to denote multiplication, / for division, and the addition and subtraction symbols get lucky and are + and - (what else?). OUTPUT - Now that we have calculated our tax amount, we will display it with:print ’Tax is: ’; tax; ’. Total is: ’; tax + amount The print command displays the information to the screen. The line of code above shows how print is used to display several items of data, each separated by a ’;’ (semicolon). The items are:’Tax is: ’This displays on screen as is, but without the quotation markstax This displays the value of the variable tax’. Total is: ’This also displays on screen as is, but without quotation markstax + amountThis displays the sum of the two variables, tax and amount
These will all be displayed on the same line. The semicolons are not displayed. Each print command is followed by a carriage return. The result might look like this:Tax is: 0.05. Total is: 1.05 Now let’s run the program. Type or cut/paste the following program into the Run BASIC editor so that it looks as shown. input ’Type a dollar and cent amount?’; amount let tax = amount * 0.05 print ’Tax is: ’; tax; ’. Total is: ’; tax+amount Now run the program by clicking on the Run button. Here is a sample run:Type a dollar and cent amount??1.20 Tax is: 0.06. Total is: 1.26 Now let’s save our program. Click on the Save Project button. Now type the name salestax and click on Save.Beginner 27s All-purpose Symbolic Instruction Code Tutorial Youtube
GOTO - Doing something more than once
Assuming that our tax program does what we want (see previous section), it still only does it once. Each time you want to use this handy little program you have to run it again. This can get to be tedious and even error prone (say rubber baby buggy bumpers ten times fast). What we need is a way for our program to go to the beginning and do it over. In BASIC (and in some other languages) the command for doing this is called GOTO (surprise!). Knowing that we have to goto some place is not enough. We also need to know where to go. When you hop into your car in a foreign country looking for a food market, you at least know what you are looking for. Run BASIC can’t ask for directions, so you need to be very precise. The mechanism that Run BASIC uses to mark places that we can goto is called a branch label. This is a lot like a mailing address. When you send a letter or package, you mark it with a known mailing address (hopefully). There is a house or building somewhere marked with that address, and that is where your parcel goes to. So in the same way, you mark the place in your BASIC program where you want it to continue running with a branch label (a mailing address of sorts). There are two ways to define a branch label in Run BASIC. You can use any valid integer number as a branch label, or you can use an easier to remember type which uses letters. Examples of integer branch labels: 10 150 75 900 5400 etc... Examples of alphanumeric (using letters and numbers) branch labels: [start] [loopBack] [getResponse] [point1] etc... Examples of unacceptable branch labels: [loop back] no spaces allowed start must use brackets (point1) only use square brackets Since no spaces are allowed in the alphanumeric branch labels, it works well to capitalize the first letter in each word when multiple words are used in a branch label. For example [gettimedresponse] is valid, but [getTimedResponse] is much more readable. So let’s pick a branch label for our salestax.bas program. Since we are going to do it over again from the start, we could pick from several reasonable branch label names like perhaps [start], [begin], or [go]. We will use [start] for our program. Let’s add the branch label as shown:[start] input ’Type a dollar and cent amount ’; amount let tax = amount * 0.05 print ’Tax is: ’; tax; ’. Total is: ’; tax + amount Now we need our goto line. Now that we have our branch label, the correct format for goto is goto [start]. And here’s what our program looks like when both a branch label and a goto:[start] input ’Type a dollar and cent amount ’; amount let tax = amount * 0.05 print ’Tax is: ’; tax; ’. Total is: ’; tax + amount goto [start] Now let’s try running this program. It runs over and over and over, right? This programming format is called an unconditional loop because it always loops back to repeat the same code no matter what.
IF...THEN - Adding smarts to our programs
The program we designed above will only do one thing for us, no frills. Let’s learn how to add some smarts to our program. One way that this can be done is with the if . . . then statement. The if . . . then statemen
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